unit 1 课文翻译
Passage A
无名英雄：职业爸爸意味着什么?
在大家的孪生女孩出生后的首次“约会”时，我和老公一块去看了一部名为《玩具总动员》的电影。大家非常喜欢这部片子，但随后我老公问道：“爸爸在什么地方呢?”起初我还觉得由于一个小小的失误而批评一部非常吸引人的家庭影片好像是太偏狭了。可后来越想越感觉这一疏忽太紧急了。爸爸不只没出现，他甚至没被提到尽管家里有婴儿，说明爸爸不可能离开太长期。影片给人的感觉是，爸爸出现与否好像是个极次要的细节，甚至无需做任何讲解。
大众媒体倾向于把爸爸边缘化，这只不过一个例子，它反映了在美国发生的巨大的社会变化。大卫·布兰肯霍恩在《无父之国》一书中将这种倾向称之为“不需要爸爸”观念。
职业妈妈奋斗的故事从媒体上无尽无休地轰击着大家。同时，媒体上绝大部分与爸爸有关的故事又集中表现暴力的老公或没出息的爸爸形象。看着好像爸爸唯一值得大家提及的是由于他们做家务太少而遭到指责的时候,或者是在他们过世的时候。当布兰肯霍恩先生就“顾家的好男性”一词的词义对爸爸们进行调查时，很多爸爸都回答，这一词汇只有在葬礼上听到过。
这种“不需要爸爸”综合征的一个例外是家庭全职爸爸所遭到的媒体的赞扬。我并不是暗指这类家庭全职爸爸作出的承诺不值得大家的支持，我只不过想指出正在实质生效的双重标准：家庭全职爸爸遭到大家的赞扬，而家庭全职妈妈和养家糊口的爸爸，所得到文化上的认可却极少，甚至完全得不到。
大家用来讨论爸爸的角色的话语本身就显示出大家对大部分男性默默无闻而自豪地履行对家庭的责任缺少赏识。大家几乎从来没听到“职业爸爸”这一说法，在大家呼吁应该给予工作者在工作地址上更大的灵活性时，极少有人觉得这种呼吁不但适用于女人，同样也适应于男士。大家这个社会表现出的是，好像家庭职责对爸爸来讲并不像对妈妈那样要紧——好像事业上的满足就是男性生活的全部。
更叫人感到侮辱的是近期媒体的这种倾向，即把家庭主妇看成是一种“地位的象征”——就像一辆名贵的汽车，据了解只有少数男性才享受得起这种奢侈与豪华。这暗示家有家庭主妇的男性比那些老婆在外工作的男性日子过得更舒适，由于他们拥有全职管家这种“奢侈品”。然而，事实上作为家庭唯一赚钱者的男性要承受不少重压。当他们的那份工作是家庭收入的唯一来源的时候，失业，或者甚至只是遭到失业的威胁，对他们而言也构成了巨大的困难。同样，家庭唯一的薪资收入者在想辞去不太认可的工作时，其灵活程度也要小一些，由于这种工作变换会使他们失去收入。除此之外，为了给家庭挣更多的钱，很多老公超时工作或兼做第二职业。对于这类男性来讲，正是这份工作所支撑的家庭，使他们感觉值得付出。不少男性相信妈妈待在家对孩子十分要紧，这种信念使他们十分乐意地担起家唯一赚钱人的担子。
现在，研究者们常见觉得家庭中没爸爸会对孩子——继而也对整个社会——带来紧急的问题。然而，大家这个社会并没把“普通”爸爸作为正面角色为将来的爸爸树立榜样，相反地，却常常持舍弃态度，觉得传统的父道从最好的方面说已经过时，从最坏的方面讲就是危险的反动。这使很多男性对他们作为爸爸的角色的价值提出质疑。
作为一个社会，大家需要认识到，对于孩子来讲，爸爸是与妈妈同等要紧的，不只在经济支持上，而且在感情依赖、教育和纪律训诫方面都是这样。大家仅仅意识到没爸爸是一个问题是不够的，不可以只不过站在墓地旁边悼念“顾家好男性”的过世，随后又找一个人来替代他。大家需要承认自己是怎么样贬低了父道的价值，大家需要努力向男性们证明，他们在孩子们的日常是多么不可或缺，多么要紧。
那些天天都在努力去爱和支撑他们的家庭，力求做一个顾家好男性的爸爸们，那些无名英雄，需要大家的承认，他们所付出的所有需要大家的感谢，由于他们值得大家的认可和感激。
Passage B
男子汉宣言
作为男性，大家了解大家可以得到最好的待遇。从女性身上，大家看到了现代性：广大的女人在探索新的角色，征服世界。大家暗中默默地羡慕她们不断成就非凡的速度。大家对自己说：大家男性呢?大家难道不应该是如此的吗：聪明有头脑，信心十足，成功在握?
那样,是什么妨碍了大家呢?责备女性挑起两性战争是毫无意义的。毕竟，这个世界还是男性的天下。只须了解大家之所求，大家便可以通过规定得到它。否，问题在于大家缺少想象力。假如问女性，作为女性她们想要什么,她们会对你说：平等。而男性呢?大家没一点线索。缘由非常简单，大家没可以理解本世纪最伟大、最持久的社会运动的机会，那就是两性劳动力分工的不复存在。
大家正在犯一个错误。过去并未让大家真的的需要得到满足，却强迫大家狭隘地觉得自己是一个劳动者，而当大家被解雇、退休或生病的时候，这种身份也随之消失。过去还让大家从家走出来，使大家成为孩子的陌生人。这意味着大家将大家身体的、情感的和实质的需要寄托在女性身上。她们喂养、抚育大家，顾及大家感情的需要，为大家斡旋出一个社会圈子。她们为大家做私人的工作，就像大家为她们做公众的工作一样。
尽管在家以外大家展示出了所有成年人的行为举止，而在家大家却仍然十分孩子气。它使大家，特别是那些年老的、行凑合木的人，过着一种悲惨的、有局限的生活，一般使大家处于一种乖戾的关系中。
大家可以改变所有这所有，这不仅仅是如意的想法。在妇女解放的背后，吹着一阵顺风：在几十年的时间里，妇女控制了她们的生育能力，而经济却需要劳动力的很多增加。甚至连守旧的男性都不可以阻止她们。
大家需要迈出的第一步就是打破沉默。因此，有了如此一份宣言。
憧憬将来
当两性劳动力分工使男性的定义得到加大是，大家将自己概念为三种角色：养家糊口的工人，女性的对立面，和做妈妈不做之事情的爸爸。每一种定义都限制了男性活动的范围，是男性感到室息。因此，大家需要重新改写这类概念。
工作并不是男性承诺的领地
当大家问及我是作什么的时候，我会说我是一个新闻工作者，而不会说我是一个男性，一个爸爸，一个老公，一个儿子，一个兄弟，一个公民，甚至不会将所有这类结合在一块说，而常识说我是一个新闻记者。像很多男性一样，我就是我的工作。当工作顺利时，我也称心如意。其他所有都可能荡然无存。但事业上的成功却是一个男性的支柱。它为男性提供地位、权利与成为赚钱养家的爸爸的一种方法。妇女运动常识进一步强调了工作的要紧地位，而且暗示大家，专心于家务和抚养孩子是一件苦差事。
然而，指望工作从根本上保持大家的自我感觉是一个错误。很多自我的概念经得起时间的考验，但工作不在此列，由于它太不靠谱了。大家了解总有一天大家回被解雇，会生病或会退休。对于那些年龄轻轻又找不到工作或者在年轻是就被解雇的人来讲，工作上的失败会致使沮丧、犯罪、暴力，在有的状况下，甚至会致使自杀。假如男性找不到能夸耀我们的更好的办法一定会发疯吗?大家需要意识到工作是靠不住的。
男性不是女性的对立面
当女性被看成是弱者时，大家需要是强者。大家做女性们不做的事情，但目前女性几乎没任何事情不做。她们从事体育运动，赚钱，参加足球比赛，驾驶英国皇家空军的战斗机，甚至主动开始床第之欢。然而，大家却坚持把自己看成是女性的对立面。如此的话，大家最后会把自己概念成只做极少几件女性不愿做的事，即强奸、谋杀和虐待。
爸爸同样可以满足孩子的需要
大家仍然受传统的爸爸形象的制约，即提供薪资收入、规定纪律，在某些状况下，为孩子充当玩伴。在身体上和感情上与孩子亲近一直是女性的特权，而且在非常大程度上还会继续这样。现在很多男性都渴望与他们的孩子更接近一些，他们是主动积极的爸爸。大家乐意如此做，并且也有能力如此做。但有的女性却拒绝平等相待大家。
平等始于家庭
在不少家庭里，男性是被动的，大家允许女性安排大家的个生活活，让她们充当佳丽的看门人，让她们决定那些友谊可以维持，决定夫妇与亲人应该维持多亲密的关系。大家当中有很多人发觉非常难主动采取行动，或者在家对女性说“不”,由于大家从来没掌握怎么样拒绝大家的妈妈。
男性需要开始为自己而做
成功的男性需要担任领导的角色。一般他们都维持沉默，由于重新劳碌他们的角色，他们也得不到什么好处。他们的工作相对地比较靠谱，地位和权力都高于女性，他们还能控制工作时间，可以离家去上班，可以烧钱请人照看孩子。他们还可以拥有这所有。
因此，他们抱残守缺，封闭起我们的头脑，拒绝以更适合大家大伙的方法改造这个世界。所以，男权运动一般是由这类人所控制，他们义愤填膺，口齿不清，缺少用擅长思维的构架去理解他们进退两难的尴尬局面。聪颖的、受过教育的男性可以成为引路人，大家迫切需要如此的人去开始考虑。
unit 2 习题答案
Lead-in
1.hold
2.supposed
3.absent-minded
4.dependable
5.responsible
6.boring
7.engineers a re assumed to be somebody
8.as people don't k now the importance ofengineers in society
Communicative Tasks
Task 1
I think Chinese men should spend more time as caretakers in their housework Traditionally,it is father's job to be abreadwinner or wage earner.Father spends more time on work and often is far away from his home.In this case,mother's job is to be a housewife.However,a mother can also fulfill this responsiblity as a career woman.She can takeon the socialrole of raising family as well Afather definitely should be involved in family affairs,or maybe even stay athome as a playmate to his kids.By this involvement,he can participate significantly in chidren's lives,and try to be ahelper,a protector and a moral guide.
Task 2
More women take corporate or government jobs which are traditionally done by men nowadays.This has lead to meninvoking in family life.Some people think that men are more and more capable of and interested in taking care of theirchildren.A father can provide a safe environment to raise children.And they are assumed to take the responsibility forhousehold chores.Raising chidren is not just a matter of economic necessity.It's selfish to put all the burden on one partof a couple.Anything irresponsible may hurt the children emotionally and physic ally.I am sure there will be no moreprejudice against roles in a family by the year of 2050.
Think about It
1.Yes,I think so.Though mothers spend more time with their children at home,fathers play an important role in theprocess of children's growing up.Especially when the family has a son,the talk between fathers and sons will workthings out effectively.
2.A“good family man”should pay more attention to the raising of his kids andsupport them financially and mentally.
3.Although “working father”may not have enough time to look after his kids,his ireplaceable function should berealized and accepted by his family and the society.
Read and think
2.Discuss with your partner and try to figure out the answers to the following questions.Share your thoughts andresponses with the class.
1.Working fathers have received little media attention in the US and they have been given litle cultural recognition,which is a kind of prejudice against those working dads.
2.She thinks that working fathers are unsung heroes.They deserves our recognition and appreciation for what theyhave done.
3.The absence of the father in the movie Toy Story.A lot of media stories about struggles of working mothers.
The negative image of fathers in the media.At-home dads are praised by the media.
Our society acts as if career satisfaction is above everything else for a man.At-home wives are regarded as“status symbol”by American media.
To appeal for society to recognize the value of working fathers.
Read the passage more carefully and fll the following table with information from the passage.
4.Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word.
1)media
2)images
3)abusive
4 )fulflling
5)recognition
6)status
7)stresses
8)aware
9)deserve
Language Focus
5.Fil in the blanks with the words given below.Changethe form where necessaty.
1.obligation
2.applauded
3.fulflled
4.mirror
5.flexiblity
6.devralue
7.striving
8.entailed
9.supposedly
10.Consequently
6.Complete the following sentences with words or expressions from the passage.Change the fom wherenecessary.
1.referred to as
2.atbest
3.by thesame token
4.at large
5.held up,as
7.Each of the verbs and nouns in the following lists occurs in Passage A.Choose the noun that you think collocates withthe verb and write it down in the blank.
1.stress
2.a family
3.a burden/responsibility
4.responsibility/a commitment
5.support/recognition/attention/appreciation
6.luxury
7.attention/recognition/appreciation
8.a commitment
9.recognition/support
10.appreciation/rec ognition
8.Translate the following sentences into English.
1.With his promotion,he has taken on greater responsibilities.
2.He felt he did not have to make sucha commitment to John anymore.
3.Mary likes to go shopping in her spare time,as opposed to Lucy,who prefefs to stay at home reading.
4.At best he's ambitious,and at worst a power-seeker without conscience or qualifications.
5.We have striven to the full to convince him,but we have made no headway.
9.Read and compare the English sentences,paying attention to the italicizedparts and translate the Chinese sentences bysimulating the structure of the English sentences.
1.It seems that the only time he felt good about himself was when he was bowling.
2.One exception to the “no-tipping rule”is the hotel staff.
3.Many of these youngsters know thejob in the theory but they're still wet behind the ears when it comes to putting itinto practice.
4.Today,there is widespread agreement among the TOP PR operators that the stand-off between courts and the mediacan not continue.
5.As for everyone,one thing is certain,not only do wehave to sleep,but it is good for your mind and body as well
10.Prepare as many questions as possible about the role of the father in the family and interview your classmates withthe help of the tips given below.
A:Are you very closeto your father?How close?
B:Sure.My father is my best friend.Iwould like to share my little secrets with him.
A:Does your father take good care of you?
B:Yes,he always help me and taught me what to do when I was young.
A:Does your father play games with you?
B:Yes.Sometimes,we play computer games together,and we often play badminton and jogging.
A:Are you and your father buddies?
B:Definitely.
A:Do you get gifts from your father?Which doyou like best?
B:Yes.It is a serial books about world famous places and wonders.
A:Does your father encourage you?
B:Of course.Especially when Ifail to achieve a goal and when I am upset.
A:Is your father an at-home dad?
B:No.He works as an worker.
Write a short passage of 120 words or so on the TOPic“Men Are Different from Women in Many Ways.”
Men Are Different from Women in Many Ways
As we all know,men are different from women in many aspects.
First of all,men are quite different from women in appearances.Generally speaking,men are taller and strongerthan women.
Second,they have big differences in characters.People consider men are brave and rational.They tend to devote tothe sucess in career.On the contrary,women are tender and emotional In traditionally,women are likely to take on thehomemaker role in the family.
Third,men are tend to express their love for kids in a subtle,sient way.Few fathers directly tell their children“love you”,while mothers could say it frankly.
Though there are many differences between men and women,gender roles are becoming less clear nowadays.Somemen start to share the housework in the family,and many women go out to work.Both of them play an important role inthe progress of society.
Passage B
Think about It
1.Open.Yes.Actually,our family is quite democratic.Everyone has a right to express opinions.
2.Open.My father is closer to me emotionally.Because I think we have many things in common.
3.The traditional role that men are expected to take up in society is the breadwinner and the supporter of their families.
Content Awareness
12.Choose the best answer to each question with information from the passage.
1.D
2.C
3.A
4.C
5.A
13.Fill in the blanks with information from the passage.后
1.redefined
2.sphere
3.accomplishment
4.opposite
5.playmates
6.emotionally
7.equality
8.initiative
9.status
10.change
Language Focus
14.Fill in the blanks withthe words given below.Change the form where necessary.
1.equality
2.sustained
3.clue
4.expansiveness
5.sacked
6.defined
7.sphere
8.sour
9.depressing
10.division
15.Complete the following sentences with words or expressions from the passage.Change the form where necessary.
1.in the way
2.falling apart
3.have ruled out
4.at this rate
5.took up
16.The following words occur in Passage B.Find 6 pairs of near synonyms and 7 pairs of near antonyms,and writethem down.
Synonyms
1.intellectual;intelligent;bright
2.feeling,emotion
3.feed;nurture
4.sack;fire;dump
5.secretly,quietly
6.sick;ill
Antonyms
1.active;passive
2.public;private
3.physical,emotional
4.expansive;narrow
5.traditional;modern
6.failure;success
7.weak;,strong
17.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
愈加多的证据显示男性和女性的想法不同，这好像适用于偏见这种让人遗憾的状况。密歇根州立大学进化心理学家新的研究显示，男性的偏见倾向于与侵略行为有关，而女性的偏见则倾向于与恐惧有关。这类研究者提出了一种“男性皆武士的假设”,以便讲解群体冲突的历史是怎么样以独特的方法塑造男性和女性的心理世界。
本质上，男性更可能发动战争，以守卫他们的群体，又是他们会以一种很冒险的、自我牺牲的方法来如此做。攻击其他群体意味着有机会补偿这种损失，并且可以有机会得到配偶、领土、资源和地位的提高。同时，女性生活在外来侵略者性胁迫的威胁下，对我们的同伙总是容易表现出“照顾和团结”的反应，而对陌生人维持一种恐惧，以保护她们自己和后代。
18.Indicate which of the following statements are generalizations.Then discuss what we need to evaluate their accuracy.
1,2,4,5are generalization.To evaluate their worth or accuracy,we may need some concrete figures or facts obtainedthrough scientific analysis or survey which support the generalization.
19.Translate the following sentences into Chinese,paying special attention to the underlined parts.
1.1988年以来，电脑的销量增加了五倍。
2.报名参加夜校的学生数目增加了一倍多。
3.这个小城镇的人口增长了三倍。
4.手机的价格减少了70%。
5.假如你使两个物体之间的距离增加到三倍，则它们之间的万有引力就会减小到九分之一。
6.通过用自动装配线，装配时间将降低五分之四。
7.新品的本钱是原商品的25%。
8.这台机器改变了劳动条件，使效果提升了三倍。
20.Complete the following description of an organization by translating the parts given in Chinese.
1.is a global nonprofit organization created for the improvement of entrepreneurship
2.create a forum for informal exchange of ideas among entrepreneurs
3.respects religious,ethnic and political diversity
4.takes its responsibilities seriously,and has developed a philosophical framework to guide its actions
5.TIE strives to achieve its stated goals and to stick to its value system through its words and actions.
21.Complete the following English adverti百度竞价推广ent ac cording to the hints given in Chinese.
Head of Asia Programme
Focus:Research will focus on China's increasingly important role in the world economy,especially the implications of membership in the WTO and other multilateral Institutions.
Responsibilities:Directing a new Asia programme and developing it in collaboration with other research programmes at RIIA
Qualifications:Candidates should have a successful track record of research in related fields and proven managerialskils.Knowledge of Mandarin would be preferred,as well as who has established relationships with relevantChinese institutions.It is expected that the post involves fieldwork in China.A strong emphasis will be placed oneffective collaboration between the CIS,RIIA and Chinese institutions.The appointment will be for one year in thefirst instance,starting from October 2012 to October 2013.Annual Salary range f30000~35000.
unit 2 课文翻译
PassageA
颐养天年
每人都了解孤儿院和养老院绝不可以替代家庭。大家的感觉是只有家庭才能给老人与幼童提供使他们会产生满足感的所有。对子女来讲，享有爸爸妈妈的呵护毋庸多说，由于这是一种本能的父辈的情感。不过晚辈对于长辈的孝顺，正如中国的一句俗话“水往低处流”所说，则需要由文化去培养。一个自然人必会爱其子女，但只有受过文化教育的人才会珍惜和孝顺爸爸妈妈。这个爱老、敬老的原则最后成为了大众所信守的准则，并且依据某些著书立说者所言，在爸爸妈妈年老时能有幸在其身边服侍，事实上已成为一种强烈的愿望。爸爸妈妈生病了却没机会在病榻前亲侍药汤，亡故时未能亲临送终，已被有文化的中国人视为终身最大的遗憾。官员到了五六十岁尚不可以迎养爸爸妈妈，于官署中晨昏定省，会被视为道德缺失而倍感羞愧，不能不常向亲友和同僚讲解他不可以迎养孝顺的原因。以前有个人，因赶回家时爸爸妈妈已亡故，悲痛之下说了如此两句话：
“树欲静而风不止，子欲养而亲不在。”
在美国，身体健康且精神矍铄的老年人常对人说他尚“年轻”,或者是旁人说他们“年轻”,而事实上则是说他们身体康健。这好像是一种语言上的不幸。老来健康或者说“长寿康健”是生活莫大的幸运，而改称之为“健康且年轻”,则会贬损其魔力，使原本非常完美的东西变得不那样完美了。终究，世上再也没什么能比一个健康而智慧的老者更完美的了。他有着“红润的面庞，雪白的头发”,用和蔼的声音，谈论着生活世故。中国人非常了解这一点，所以画出来的老翁一直“红颊白须”,视之为尘世终极开心的象征。美国人大概也看到过中国人所画的老寿星，他那高突的前额、红润的面庞、雪白的长须，还有他笑容可掬的神态!这是何等生动的画像。他手抚飘逸垂胸的长须，悠然自得。他何等的庄严，让人起敬；他何等的自信，无人会质疑他的智慧；他何等的仁慈，由于他见闻了太多的人间疾苦。对于富有生气的老者，大家也会给予赞誉，说他们是“老当益壮”。
我丝毫不怀疑，美国的老人依然要坚持说他们又忙碌又活跃这一事实，可以归为个人主义被推崇到了愚蠢的地步。他们以自主为荣，崇尚自立，耻于依靠子女。美国人在其宪法中规定了很多人权，但他们却非常奇怪地忘掉了老年人应享受子女赡养这一权利，由于这也是因提供养育服务而产生的权利和义务。有哪个可以不承认，爸爸妈妈年轻时为子女何等地辛劳，子女小有病痛必彻夜不眠地照顾，在子女还没掌握说话时给他们换洗尿布，耗费二十余载将他们养育成人，教会他们自立生活。当他们年老时，就有权得到子女的赡养和孝顺。在普通的家庭生活模式中能否忘掉个人的自立及其自尊?但凡人都是先由爸爸妈妈养育，后来再养育我们的子女，最后则理所当然地得到子女的赡养。中国人对生活的完整理念是以家庭中的互帮互助为基础的，所以没个人独立的意识，因此，到了夕阳红的老年时期得到子女赡养时就不会有耻辱感，反而会因有子女赡养而倍感欣幸。
Passage B
文化差异
1993年，我首次有机会作为加利福尼亚大学的代表访问俄罗斯，为他们提供有关农业劳工管理方面的技术帮助。在我到达之前，大家告诉我说：“俄罗斯是一个很有礼貌的民族”。我到那里后，有一次一位翻译向我讲解说：男性要为女性们倒柠檬汁，要对她们彬彬有礼。
三个星期的行程快结束时，我那位年轻的俄罗斯主人及朋友德米特里?伊万诺维奇和他那可爱的老婆叶列娜邀请我到外面就餐。美餐完毕后，叶列娜问我是不是想吃香蕉，我有礼貌地谢绝了，并讲解说：我对晚餐很认可。但此刻我一直在想，“我该做点什么呢?虽然我和她的座位离放香蕉的地方一样近，我需不需要为她送上一个香蕉呢?如何做才看上去有礼貌呢?”
“你想吃香蕉吗?”我问叶列娜。“好吧”,她笑了笑，但并没试图从水果篮中去拿香蕉。“目前该如何解决呢?”我想。
“你喜欢哪一个?”我犹犹豫豫地说。
她指着其中一个香蕉说：“就那个吧。”因为一直想着俄罗斯人的礼节，我就摘下她所指的那个香蕉，剥去一半的皮，然后递给了她。叶列娜和德米特里脸上的笑容表明，我做得正确。这次历程之后，我常常告诉所有些人，在俄罗斯，为女性剥香蕉是一种表赤彬彬有礼的作法。然而，当我第三次到俄罗斯时，有一天一个俄罗斯人客气地纠正了我的错误想法。
“啊，不，格里戈里·达维多维奇，”一个俄罗斯人非常得体地更正说：“在俄罗斯，一个男性为女性剥香蕉意味着他对她想入非非。”我简直无地自容，由于我一直在得意地向大家讲述我历程的这件我理解文化差异的趣闻。有的教训只有通过这种尴尬的方法才能吸取。那些有关文化差异的好心文章和讲坛可能是害多利少，或许还并不像我说的这件事那样只不过一件趣事而已。它们所讲述的就好似我所讲述的香蕉故事一样，总是有太多的常见推论甚至是歪曲的怎么看。
关于西班牙文化，大家常常听见如此一些泛泛而论的说法：西班牙人见面时距离靠得更近，较少对视，在一般谈话中身体接触较多，他们不大想参加集会。进行主观概括总是是危险的，特别当这类概括还附加一些建议时更是这样，譬如说：同西班牙人谈话时，要与他们挨近些，身体接触多一些，别指望他们参与，等等。任何特定民族或特定文化内部的大家之间的差异常常要比群体间的差异大得多。教育、社会地位、宗教信仰、性格、信念、阅历、家庭的爱与其它多种原因都会干扰人的行为和文化。
对上班时和下班后什么行为算是有礼貌的和适合的这一问题，怎么看一定是有分歧的。比如在一些文化里，“是的”意味着“我听见你说的话了”而不是“我赞同”。谈正事前的寒喧和问候的时间长短，对其他人在旁边说自己不懂的外语的容忍程度，敬重妇女礼来衡量一个人是不是礼貌,与衣着的规矩等，都是可能是文化差异和传统的佐证。
在墨西哥，习惯上是刚到的人向其它早来的人打招呼。比如，当一个人来到一群就餐的人中间，他会说“请吃好”;在智利，女人一般会吻其他女人和男士的面颊来打招呼；在俄罗斯女人常常与其他女人朋友臂挎臂地行走。注意风俗习惯和文化差异能让来自另一种文化的人有机会更快的融入该文化或被认可，而忽视这类差异则可能让一个漫不经心的人陷入麻烦。
因为存在文化和意识形态上的差异，所以知道一种文化中的习惯和生活方法是有好处的。加拿大的ODCnet网站记者阿伦·庞写道：“在研究跨文化差异中，大家不是研究个体，而是进行不同民族间的比较，因此大家是在比较两个正态分布曲线，所以概括是难免的。”另一名记者讲解说，大家需要对事物进行分类描述。这类说法都完全正确，但当大家根据这类概括性结论行事，而这类结论又是来自错误的察看时，危险就即将来临了。假如大家依据双眼对视、人体间距离、身体接触和参与的兴趣等一类事物所作的一般推论来决定大家的行为，就可能产生紧急的负面后果。
unit 2 习题答案
Lead-in
1)tourists
2)Sidney and Ethel
3)plays
4)typewriter
5)microphone
6)theatre
7)grandchild
8)famous
Communicative Task
Task 1
Ma:Hi,Jack!Will you join us to watch Sichuan Opera tomorrow evening?Jack:I'd love to,but I'm afraid I won'tunderstand it.
Ma:Oh.Don't worry.I can help you understand it.I started watching it whenI was achild.Jack:Can you tell me something about it.
Ma:Sichuan Opera is very popular in the Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces.The contents of it are usually adapted fromclassical Chinese novels,legends and folk tales.Jack:What about the musical instruments?
Ma:It is accompanied by percussion and string instruments.Jack:Is there anything special about Sichuan Opera.
Ma:Yes,face-changing is one of the specialties.In Chinese opera,facial makeup is usually painted,but in theseface-changing performances,the actor can change his "face"one after the other,right on the stage.Jack:That sounds amazing.
Task 2
David:You seem to be very exc ited.
Charles:Yes ,I have a piece of good news to tell you.David:What's that?
Charles:There will be a Chinese calligraphy exhibition in the town hallDavid:How wonderful!But when?
Charles:Sunday.I've bought two tickets.Will you come with me?
David:That's very kind of you.You know I'm realy interested in Chinese culture.But on Sunday Ill be giving a speechto business trainees.Charles:What a pity!David:Butthanks anyway.
Passage A
Think about It
1.Open.Yes,bec ause I am looking forward to seeing my parents.
2.Open.I callthem every week,and I will tell them that I love them and miss them.My parents often ask me about thetrivial things in my daily life to show care,and sometimes they will tell me they miss me and want me to go home.
3.Open.Certainly,because I love them and I want to take care of them when they are old.
Content Awareness
2.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.Write "T"for true and"F"for false in the blanks.
1.F
2.F
3.F
4.T
5.T
3.Discuss with your partner and try to figure out the answers to the following questions.Share your thoughts andresponses with the class.
1.A natural man loves his children,but a cultured man loves his parents.
2.The teaching of love and respect for old people bec omes a generally accepted principle,and the desire to have theprivilege ofserving their parents in their old age actually became a consuming passion.
3.The American old men insist on being so busy and active.It is their pride and their love of independence and theirshame of being dependent upon their children.
4.Under the whole circumstance,it's a tradition that the young generation serves the old,because Chinese have notgot the sense of individual independence and the whole conception of life is based upon mutual help within thehome.
5.No,because it's a tradition and we Chinese should not discard it.On the other hand,it is our obligation to serve ourparents when they retire,in return of their care of us as we were children.
4.Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word.
1.affection
2.passion
3.cultured
4.young
5.active
6.compliment
7.health
8.moral
9.ashamed
10.obligation
Language Focus
5.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.
1.trace
2.mutual
3.arrangement
4.eternally
5.substitutes
6.ultimate
7.attach
8.constantly
9.re百度竞价推广ble
10.commit
6.Complete the following sentences with words or expressions from the passage.Change the form where necessary.
1.to take for granted
2.in need of
3.In the end
4.be dependent on
5.grew out of
6.based upon
7.Each of the verbs and nouns in the following list occurs in Passage A.Choose the noun that you think collocates withthe verb and write it down in the blank.
1.serve parents
2.commit a sin
3.offer an excuse
4.express regret
5.picture a man
6.enjoy health
7.question wisdom
8.pay a compliment
8.Translate the following sentences into English.
1.The Constitution provides for citizen's freedom of speech.
2.Our constant quarrels grew out of the diverse ideas on how to bring up children.
3.We have learned some words long before we can read.
4.Many Chinese parents think that the earlier children go to school,the better.
5.The new tax law is not to punish the rich.Rather it is to bring justice and opportunity to the poor.
9.Read and compare the English sentences,paying attention to the italicized parts and translate the Chinese sentences bysimulating the structure of the English sentenc es.
1.It is pretty unusual to get anything re百度竞价推广bling accurate information of your application status.
2.It is to be taken for granted that all people are equal before the law.
3.There is nothing more complex than tipping when eating in American restaurant,staying in a hotel,and taking ataxi.
4.You must have seen how those big birds called eagles hunt preys on the ground or on the tree.
5.Experts have no doubt that these medicines will greatly help strengthen China's response to HIV and 人工智能DS.
11.Write a short passage of 120 words or so on the TOPic "importance of Culture in Business."
importance of Culture in Business
Culture plays an important role in business.In different cultures,there are different viewpoints about whenmeetings should be scheduled,how much notice should be given,where people should be seated and how thenegotiations should be proceed.During the negotiations there are also big cultural differences in what is consideredappropriate communication style and body language.For instance,some culture value eye contact,others do not thinkdirect eye contact is polite.Social conventions of greeting,dressing,eating also vary considerably in cultures.Thus thesethings are nec essary to be paid attention to.
If a businessman does business with people in a different culture,without an adequate awareness of his partners'culture,he is likely to encounter misunderstanding and may even offend others.This will certainly damage or even endthe business relationship.Thereby,cultural differences must be carefully dealt with when doing business with peoplefrom different countries.
Passage B
Think about It
1.Culture,in anthropology,the patterns of behavior and thinking that people living in social groups learn,create,and
share.Culture distinguishes one human group from other human group.
2.Yes.There are some differences between American culture and Chinese culture.1)American culture is based onindividualism rather than on collectivism.2)American value punctuality,while Chinese don't take it too serious.3)American people tend to speak directly instead of beating around the bush.
3.Yes.about a years ago,one of my American friends came to celebrate my birthday.When she entered my house,shegave me her gift.I thanked her and just put the present on the desk.At that time,I didn't notice that she was unhappyabout it.After the party,my English teacher told me that Americ ans always open the gift the moment they receive it,otherwise,it means that they don't like the gift.The day after my birthday,Iapologized to her.
Content Awareness
12.Choose the best answer to each question with information from the passage.
1.A
2.A
3.C
4.B
5.A
13.Answer the following questions with information from the passage.
1.To provide some technical assistance in the area of agricultural labor management
2.Because she didn't want to make him feel embarrassed.
3.By reading the books about culture and asking the experts,above all by observing and comparing.
4.These cultural differences do exist but they are incomplete and superficial.
Language Focus
14.Fill in the blanks withthe words given below.Change the form where necessary.
1.embarrassed
2.tutor
3.potential
4.hence
5.yield
6.affection
7.appropriate
8.presentation
9.romantic
10.recommendation
15.Complete the following sentences with words or expressions from the passage.Change the form where necessary.
1.in terms of
2.participating in
3.get down to
4.base;on
5.acts on
16.You are required to write out the words you have learned in Passage B according to the definition given on the leftcolumn.The first letter of the word is given.
1.courtesy
2.gentleman
3.embarrass
4.education
5.personality
6.behavior
7.affection
8.satisfy
9.appropriate
17.Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
在西方，出于对孩子们的考虑，与不想干预到他们的家庭生活这种无私的想法，老大家影响自己，他们喜欢一个人居住在酒店中有餐厅的一楼。但老年人有干涉的权利，假如这种干涉是不愉快的，然而，自然地，对所有生活的方面，特别是对家庭生活是一个限制性的教训。假如一个人不可以容忍过去为他付出那样多的正处于老年期的爸爸妈妈，那他在家庭中还能容忍哪个呢?并且，最好的酒店的员工如何能代替心爱的孩子的服侍、奉献和爱慕呢?
18.Read the following paragraphs and decide whether the colored statements expres facts or opinions.If you think theyexpress opinions,write down the words that indicate opinion on the part of the writer rather than fact.
1.opinion
2.fact
3.opinion
4.fact
5.fact
6.opinion
19.Translate the following sentences into Chinese,paying special attention tó the underlined parts.
1.石油、天然气和煤都源于3亿3千万年以前的植物。
2.尽管自然界只有大约90种元素.但它们的结合却可以构成世界上成千土万种不一样的物质。
3.诺贝尔原初的遗产为900万USD.这类钱用于投资后所得的利息被用作奖金，其数额从3万USD到12.5万USD不等。
4.87年前，大家的先辈们在这块国内上打造了一个新的国家，它孕育于自由并致力于贯彻和维护生活来平等的倡导。
5.事实上，一根重约10吨、每分钟3000转的转子可以非常不错地维持平衡，以至于除去响声外，大家感觉不到它的运转。
20.Write a passage to describe the function and use of the Internet,using the above format as a guide,start from thebasic functions of the Internet and then describe where the Internet can be useful.
The Internet
The internet is an network which links millions of computers throughout the world.It can provide users with a lot ofinformation and enable people to communicate with one another effectively and conveniently.
The Internet has brought much convenience in many aspects,such as government,education and business.Government can announce notices quickly,and citizens will know the new policies instantly.Students can learn fromonline video courses.Businessman can advertise online to reach a large amount customers.Indeed,the Internet isplaying a more and more mportantrole in our daily life.On the Internet,we can doa lot of things.We can get news bothat home and abroad.Besides,we can even use the Internet for shopping and online banking.In a word,the Internet hasmade our life more convenient.
21.Write a program for the following performance according to the information given below.
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