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2019年大学习英语四级语法常识整理

   日期:2024-09-02     来源:www.pjrqf.com    浏览:410    
文章简介:as…as   1.基本使用方法 该结构的基本意思是“与……一样”,其中接形容词或副词的原级,在否定句中,第一个as也可换成so.如: He doesn't study as [so] hard as his brother. 他学习不如他...

as…as

 

1.基本使用方法

该结构的基本意思是“与……一样”,其中接形容词或副词的原级,在否定句中,第一个as也可换成so.如:

He doesn't study as [so] hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。

2.涉及数目或程度的使用方法

若涉及数目或程度,可用“as much+不可数名词+as”和“asmany+可数名词复数+as”。如:

He doesn‘t pay as much tax as we do / as us. 他没大家交的税款多。

There are not as many restaurants as there were. 目前饭店没过去多了。

3.有关词序的一点说明

其间接形容词时,有时该形容词还可修饰另一名词,但这个名词应带有不定冠词。如:

I have as good a voice as you. 我的声音和你一样好。

4.该结构的修饰语

依据状况可用 nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, threetimes, 30 per cent等修饰,并且这类修饰语需要置于第一个as之前,而不可以置于其后。如:

This room is twice as large as that one. 这个房间是那个房间的两个大。

You‘re not half as clever us you think you are. 你远不是自己想像的那样聪明。

It took three times as long as I had expected. 这件事比我预料的多花了两倍的时间。

 

 

first "> 

1、从词性上看不同

first可用作形容词或副词,有时还可用作代词;而at first作为介词短语,只起副词用用途。如:

First class is the most expensive way to travel. 坐头等舱是最贵的旅游方法。

This is the first time I have heard of such things. 这是我首次听到如此的事。

You needn‘t read the whole book hut you must readthe first four chapters.你们不必把整本书全读完,但需要读完前四章。

I asked them to ring first in case we were out. 我请他们先打电话来,以防大家不在家。

She‘s always the first to arrive and the last to leave. 她一直第一个来,最后一个离开。

His second suggestion was not much better than his first. 他的第二个建议比第一个好不了多少。

At first we used hand tools. Later we had machines. 开始大家用手工工具,后来大家有了机器。

2、从使用方法上看不同

1).first的使用方法

first 用来讲明顺序,意为“先……”,暗示接下去还有其他动作或事件要发生,因此其后总是接有then,next,last 等词。如:

Think first, then act. 先想了解再行动。

I‘ll have to finish my homework first. 我得先把作业做完。

       First, boil some water. Then, warm the teapot. Then, add three teaspoons oftea. Next, pour on boiling water… 你先烧些开水,然后把茶壶烫热,接着放三勺茶叶,随后冲入开水……

John came home from work. First he read the paper for a while, then he got up from the chairand turned on the radio. 约翰下班回家,先看一会儿报,然后从椅子上站起来,打开收音机。

2). at first 的使用方法

at first 的意思是“起初”“开始”,它主要用于强调前后对照,暗示接下去的动作与前面的动作不同甚至相反,因此常有 but,afterwards,soon,at last等相呼应。如:

At first I didn‘t want to go, but I soon changed my mind. 我开始不想去,但我非常快就改变了主意。

The work was hard at first, but I got used to it. 起初这活儿非常累,不过后来我习惯了。

At first they were very happy, but then things started going wrong. 起初他们生活得非常幸福,但后来就开始出问题了。

At first I paid little attention, but slowly my interest awoke. 起初我没如何注意,但渐渐产生了兴趣。

3、其他什么时间不同

1). at first 除以上使用方法外,其他场所一般不需要它;而first除表示“先……”外,还可表示“最早”“首次”“第一”等。如:

Ladies first. 女性优先。

That‘s mine—I saw it first. 那是我的,是我先看见的。

When did you first meet him? 你首次见他是什么时间?

2). 有时at first并不是固定搭配。如:

She was so nice a girl that he fell in love with her at first sight. 她是如此好的一个女孩,使他一见钟情。

She could tell at first glance to which class a man belonged. 她一眼就能看出一个人是什么阶级。

3). at first与at last不是一对反义词组,后者的意思是“终于”“最后”。如:

At last the truth became known. 最后真相大白了。

She has at last got everything ready. 她最后把所有筹备好了。

At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽车来了,我已等了半小时。

 

 

angry

 

1.表示“对某生活气”,一般用介词 with

The teacher got angry with [at] me. 老师对我生气了。

有些词书觉得:用with表示心中感到生气,而用at则表示怒气流露于外表,但总的说来此时还是用with的场所较多。

 

2.表示“对某事生气”,一般用介词 at

He was rather angry at what you said. 他告诉你的话相当生气。

I was angry about missing the film. 没看上那部电影我非常气恼。

有些词书觉得:at 之后接某人之言行,about 之后接某事,但这种不同并不十分严格,两者常可换用。

 

3.表示生气是什么原因,一般用介词for

He was angry with me for not having done anything. 由于我什么也没做,他对我非常生气。

注:be angry 之后除搭配介词外,还可接不定式或从句:

He‘ll be angry to find that nothing has been done. 他发现什么都没做,他会生气的。

He was angry that the door was locked. 门锁上了,他非常生气。

 

able

 

1.表示“有能力的”、“能干的”,可用作表语或定语。如:

He is an able manager. 他是位有能力的经理。

He is old but still able. 他虽年老,但仍有非常能干。

 

2.用于 be able to do sth。如:

He is able to speak English. 他会说英语。

Everyone here is able to type. 这儿的每个人都会打字。

He will be able to get about in a week or two. 再过一两个星期左右他就能走动了。

He studied hard and was able to pass his examinations. 他学习非常努力,所以考试及了格。

注:be able to 不只有多种时态形式,而且还可以与某些情态动词连用,甚至还可以有非谓语形式。如:

Since his accident he hasn't been able to leave the house. 自出事之后,他一直未能离开家。

You might be able to persuade him. 你或许可以说服他。

I hope to be able to do the work. 我期望能干得了这项工作。

I regret not being able to help her. 我非常遗憾未能帮助她。

 

3.able 的比较级和最高级一般是abler和ablest,也可以是more able和most able,有时还可用 betterable和best able.如:

You are better able to do it than I . 你比我更有能力做这件事。

She's the person best able to cope. 她是个最能妥善处置问题的人。

 

4.若要加大语气,其前除可very,quite,perfectly等修饰外,有时还可用well修饰。如:

He is quite [well] able to take care of himself. 他完全有能力照顾自己。

He's a very able student; he's just too lazy. 他是个非常有能力的学生,只不过太懒了。

若受just,only just修饰,则表示“只能”“仅能”。如:

I was just able to make out a dark figure in the distance. 我只能看见远处有个黑影。

 

5.able的反义词是unable,不是disable,后者是动词,其意为“使残废”“使无能力”。比较:

They were unable to reach a decision. 他们没法做出决定。

Now that he was disabled, his house had become a prison to him. 由于他残废了,他的房屋就成了他的牢笼。

 

 

hundred,thousand "> 

用单数的场所

当这类词与具体数字连用时,习惯上用单数,而且也不后接介词of.如:

He was prepared to pay two million. 他想支付200万。

More than a hundred people were injured. 有一百多人受了伤。

但,当这类词后面的名词有了the,these,those等特指限定词修饰时,或其后的接的是us,them 如此的人称代词时,则此时需要用介词of.如:

about three hundred of them have left there. 他们当中约有300人离开了那儿。

用复数的场所

当这类词不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数时,则不只要要用复数,而且要后接介词of,然后才能接名词。如:

The sun was shining. Thousands of people were lying on the beach. 阳光灿烂,数以千计的人躺在海滩上。

A careless mistake cosplayt the company millions of pounds. 一个粗心的错误使公司蒙受数百镑的损失。

 

 

unless "> 

unless和if not均可表示“假如不”,有时使用方法相同,有时不同,请看题:

You'll miss the train ____ you hurry up.

A. unless B. as C. if not D. until

此题应选 A.容易选C.其实C只不过词序不对,若改为……ifyou don't hurry up 也是对的。在很多状况下,连词until与if…not同义,且可换用。

 

如果不下雨,大家就去。

We shall go unless it rains. = We shall go if it doesn't rain.

我不打电话给你,你就不要来。

Don't come unless I phone you. = Don't come if I don't phone you.

 

从以上两例可以看出,unless有时可以与if not换用,但if not中的not需要坐落于从句谓语中,而不可以直接与if连用在一块。但注意,即便这样,两者也并非永远可以换用的:

一般说来,两者互换的场所只限于:当大家要去结束一个已经存在的想法或状况时。试领会:

I'll stay at home unless I am invited to the party. 如果不邀请我去参加 晚会,我就呆在家。

若要表示所述条件会致使一种新的想法或状况,一般要用if…not,而不需要unless.试领会:

I'll be angry if I'm not invited to the party. 假如不邀请我参加晚会,我会生气的。;没比较等级的变化。但表示“有活力的”、“活泼的”等义时,可以有比较等级的变化,且一般要加more,most 构成。如:

My grandfather is more alive than a lot of youngpeople. 我爷爷比很多青年还有生气。

 

2.关于用作定语

一般不放在名词前作定语,但可作作表语或后置定语。如:

He must be still alive. 她肯定还活着。

He‘s the happiest man alive. 他在世界上最幸福的人。

Although he is old, he is very much alive. 虽然他非常老了,但还非常有生气。

注意:

但若本身带有修饰语,则可以用作前置定语:

a really alive student 一个十分活跃的学生

a really alive town 一个十分热闹市镇

除用作表语和有时用作定语外,alive有时还用作状语或补语。如:

He was buried alive. 他被活埋了。

The spy was caught alive. 间谍被活捉了。

I‘m afraid he can't come back alive. 恐怕他不可以活着回来。

 

3.关于修饰语的用法

一般不需要very修饰,但可用 much,very much,all等修饰。如:

He is much alive. 他很活跃。

The city was all alive when we arrived. 大家到达时,城里很热闹。

但当 alive表示“意识到”时,可用very修饰。如:

He is very alive to the danger. 他完全意识到了这危险。

4.用于搭配be alive with

该习语意为“充满”、“到处是”。如:

The woods are alive with birds. 树林中到处是鸟。

The street was alive with people. 街上挤满了人。

The sky was alive with stars. 满天星斗。

5.alive,living,live有什么区别

三者均可表示“活着”,但使用方法有不同:

alive一般不放在名词前作定语 ,但本身有修饰语时,可用作前置定语等 ;主要用于人或动物。

living 可用作表语或定语,可用于人或物。如:

Both plants and animals are living things. 动植物都是生物。

My first English teacher is still living? 我的英语启蒙老师还健在。

English is a living language. 英语是一门活生生的语言。

从含义上看alive与living都可表示“活着”,含义非常接近,只须句法合适,两者有时可互换。如:

the greatest scientist alive = the greatest living scientist 当代最伟大的科学家

Are your grandparents still alive [living]? 你祖爸爸妈妈还健在吗?

若要严格区别,两者仍有差别。如:

living 侧重指“健在”或“尚在人间”,而alive则侧重指生与死的“界限”:

In the car accident the mother was killed, but her two-year-old son was found alive. 在这次车祸中,妈妈去世了,但她两岁的儿子却还活着。

live 只用作定语 ,主要用于动物、植物等 .如:

He bought some live fish. 他买了几条活鱼。

only a few live trees were left after the fire. 失火之后只剩下几棵树还活着。

 

 

 

I'll stay at home unless I am invited to the party. 如果不邀请我去参加 晚会,我就呆在家。

若要表示所述条件会致使一种新的想法或状况,一般要用if…not,而不需要unless.试领会:

I'll be angry if I'm not invited to the party. 假如不邀请我参加晚会,我会生气的。

 

 

 
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